Concept Selection and Translation Strategy: Subtitling for the Deaf based on Corpus Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52034/lanstts.v17i0.468Keywords:
multimodal corpus, SDHH, audio mode, translation strategiesAbstract
In the past 20 years, corpus analysis has been applied to different translation modalities. This study used an annotated multimodal corpus of 52 international films of different genres, which had been dubbed in Spanish and subtitled for Spanish Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (DHH) viewers, according to the AENOR, UNE 153010 (2012) standard. The corpus was annotated at two levels. At the first level, we annotated the information that professional subtitlers selected from the audio mode of the source text to translate into subtitles. At the second level, captured information regarding the translation strategies was used. This allowed us to analyse the translation process and reflect the translation preferences of professional subtitlers. Our first objective was to show how corpus analysis can be applied to the study of multimodal texts. The second objective was to provide valuable insights into the understanding, description and specification of the conceptual and epistemological nature of subtitling for the DHH.
References
Abuczki, A., & Ghazaleh, E. B. (2013). An overview of multimodal corpora, annotation tools, and schemes. Argumentum, 9, 86–98.
AENOR, UNE 153010 (2012). Subtitulado para personas sordas y personas con discapacidad auditiva. Madrid: Asociación Española de Normalización y Certificación.
Allwood, J. (2008). Multimodal corpora. In A. Lüdeling & M. Kytö. (Eds.), Corpus linguistics: An international handbook (pp. 207-225). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Álvarez de Morales Mercado, C. (2015). El Subtitulado para personas sordas como discurso narratológico. Sendebar, 26, 57–81.
Amor. (2012). [film] Directed by M. Haneke. France: Michael Haneke.
Bateman, J. A., Delin, J., & Henschel, R. (2004). Multimodality and empiricism: Preparing for a corpus-based approach to the study of multimodal meaning-making. In E. Ventola, C. Charles, & M. Kaltenbacher (Eds.), Perspectives on multimodality (pp. 65–87). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Baldry, A., & Thibault, P. J. (2006). Multimodal transcription and text analysis: A multimedia toolkit and course book. London: Equinox.
Baños Piñero, R., & Díaz Cintas, J. (2015). Audiovisual translation in a global context: Mapping an everchanging landscape. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Bordwell, D., & Thompson, K. (2010). El arte cinematográfico: Una introducción. Barcelona: Paidós.
Cabo Villarpriego, M. B. (2008). Estudio de estrategias de reducción en el subtitulado en español para sordos de Scoop, (Woody Allen, 2006) (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Vigo, Spain.
Cambra i Vergés, C. (2006). Los subtítulos en televisión: ¿Facilitan a los adolescentes sordos la comprensión de los programas? FIAPAS (Federación Española de Asociaciones de Padres y Amigos de los Sordos), 110, 28–31.
Cambra, C., Silvestre N. & Leal A. (2015). Los subtítulos actuales no garantizan la comprensión de los mensajes televisivos al alumnado con sordera. Retrieved from http://www.agenciasinc.es/Noticias/Los-subtitulos-actuales-no-garantizan-la-comprension-de-los-mensajes-televisivos-al-alumnado-con-sordera.
Chica Núñez, A. J. (2016). La traducción de la imagen dinámica en contextos multimodales. Granada: Tragacanto.
Chion, M. (2008). La audiovisión: Introducción a un análisis conjunto de la imagen y el sonido. Barcelona: Paidós.
Cuadrado Méndez, F. J. (2013). Los procesos de auricularización en el cine. Revista Comunicación, 11(1), 24–39.
De Moraes Abrahão, V. (2014). A corpus based analysis of verbs in subtitles for deaf and hard-of-hearing and audiodescriptions (Unpublished master's thesis). University Complutense de Madrid, Spain.
Díaz Cintas, J. (2003). Teoría y práctica de la subtitulación (inglés-español). Barcelona: Ariel.
Díaz Cintas, J. (2005). Nuevos retos y desarrollos en el mundo de la subtitulación. Puentes, 6, 13–20.
Díaz Cintas, J., & Remael, A. (2007). Audiovisual translation: Subtitling. Manchester: St. Jerome.
Díaz Cintas, J. (2010). Subtitling. In Y. Gambier & L. van Doorslaer (Eds.), Handbook of translation studies. Volume 1 (pp. 344–349). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Díaz Cintas, J., & Neves J. (2015). Audiovisual translation: Taking stock. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars.
Elleström, L. (2010). The modalities of media: A model for understanding intermedial relations. In L. Elleström (Ed.), Media borders, multimodality and intermediality (pp. 11–48). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Enríquez, F., Troyano, J. A., Cruz, F., & Ortega F. J. (2006). Ampliación automática de corpus mediante la colaboración de varios etiquetadores. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, 37, 11–18.
Evans, V., & Green M. (2006). Cognitive linguistics: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Feitosa, M. P. (2009). Legendagem pirata e legendagem comercial: Um estudo comparado (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University Federal de Minas, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
Flückiger, B. (2001). Sound design: Die virtuelle Klangwelt des Films. Marburg: Schüren.
Gorbman, C. (1987). Unheard melodies. London: BFI.
Gruber, T. (1995). Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 43(5–6), 907–928.
Gruber, T. (2001). What is an ontology? Retrieved from http://www.ksl.Stanford.edu/ kst/what-isan-ontology.html.
Heiss, C., & Soffritti, M. (2008). Forlixt 1 - The Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation: Exploring microstructures. In D. Chiaro, C. Heiss, & C. Bucaria (Eds.), Between text and image: Updating research in screen translation (pp. 51–62). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ivarsson, J., & Carroll M. (1998). Subtitling. Simrisham: TransEdit.
Jakobson, R. (1959). On linguistic aspects of translation. In R. A. Brower (Ed.), On translation (pp. 232–239). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Jewitt, C. (2009). An introduction to multimodality. In C. Jewitt (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis (pp. 14–27). New York, NY: Routledge.
Jiménez Hurtado, C. (2007). Traducción y accesibilidad: Subtitulación para sordos y audiodescripción para ciegos: nuevas modalidades de traducción audivisual. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Jiménez Hurtado, C. (2010). Fundamentos teóricos del análisis de la AD. In C. Jiménez Hurtado, A. Rodríguez Domínguez, & C. Seibel (Eds.), Un corpus de cine: Teoría y práctica de la audiodescripción (pp. 13–56). Granada: Ediciones Tragacanto.
Jiménez Hurtado, C., Seibel, C., & Soler Gallego, S. (2012). Museos para todos: La traducción e interpretación para entornos multimodales como herramienta de accesibilidad universal. In R. Agost, P. Orero, & E. di Giovanni (Eds.), Multidisciplinarity in audiovisual translation. MonTI, 4, 349–383.
Jiménez Hurtado, C., & Soler Gallego, S. (2015). Museum accessibility through translation: A corpus study of pictorial audio description. In J. Diaz Cintas, J. Neves, & D. Sánchez (Eds.), Audiovisual translation: taking stock (pp. 277–296). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jiménez Hurtado, C., & Martínez Martínez, S. (2017). ¿Qué se oye?: El proceso traductor del subtitulado para personas sordas desde un estudio de corpus. In C. Gaona Pisonero, C. (Ed.), Temáticas emergentes en innovación universitaria (pp. 243–253). Colección: Ediciones Universitarias. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos.
Kalantzi, D. (2008). Subtitling for the deaf and hard of hearing: A corpus-based methodology for the analysis of subtitles with a focus on segmentation and deletion. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
Kaindl, K. (2013). Multimodality and translation. In C. Millán & F. Bartrina (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of translation studies (pp. 257–268). New York, NY: Routledge.
Karamitroglou, F. (1998). A proposed set of subtitling standards in Europe. Translation Journal, 2(2), 1–15.
Kellner, R. (2011). Auditive Filmanalyse: Die Notwendigkeit bewusster Wahrnehmung von Filmton am Beispiel von David Lynchs "Mullholland Drive". Munich: GRIN.
Ketola, A. (2016). Translating picturebooks: Re-examining interlingual and intersemiotic translation. Proceedings of DRS 2016, Design Research Society 50th Anniversary Conference. Brighton, UK, 27–30 June 2016.
Konstantinidou, A. (2012). La física del sonido. In J. Gustems Carnicer (Ed.), Música y sonido en los audiovisuales (pp. 33–48). Barcelona: Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
Laviosa, S. (2015). Corpora and holistic cultural translation. In M. T. Sánchez Nieto (Ed.), Corpus based translation and interpreting studies: From description to application/Estudios Traductológicos basados en corpus: de la descripción a la aplicación (pp. 31–51). Berlin: Frank & Timme.
Llinares, F. (2012). El sonido como recurso expresivo en los audiovisuales: La física del sonido. In J. Gustems Carnicer (Ed.), Música y sonido en los audiovisuales (pp. 135–146). Barcelona: Edicions Universitat Barcelona.
Lorenzo García, L., & Pereira Rodríguez, A. (2011). Deaf children and their access to audiovisual texts: School failure and the helplessness of the subtitler. In E. di Giovanni (Ed.), Diálogos intertextuales 5: Between text and receiver: Translation and accessibility. Entre texto y receptor: Traducción y accesibilidad (pp. 185–201). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Martí Ferriol, J. L. (2010). Cine independiente y traducción. Valencia: Tirant lo Blanc.
Martí Ferriol, J. L. (2013). El método de traducción: Doblaje y subtitulación frente a frente. Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana: Trama.
Martínez Martínez, S. (2015). El Subtitulado para sordos: Estudio de corpus sobre tipología de estrategias de traducción (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Granada, Spain.
Mattsson, J. (2009). The subtitling of discourse particles: A corpus-based study of well, you know, I mean, and like, and their Swedish translations in ten American films (Doctoral dissertation). University of Gotemburg, Germany.
Munday, J. (2012). Introducing translation studies: Theories and applications. London: Routledge.
Muñoz Martín, R. (2017). Looking toward the future of cognitive translation studies. In J. W. Schwieter & A. Ferreira (Eds.), Handbook of translation and cognition (pp. 555–572). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Nancy, I., & Pustejovsky, J. (2017). (Eds.). Handbook of linguistic annotation. Dordrecht: Springer.
Neves, J. (2005). Audiovisual translation: Subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing (Doctoral dissertation). University of Surrey-Roehampton, London, UK.
Neves, J., & Lorenzo García, L. (2007). La subtitulación para s/Sordos, panorama global y prenormativo en el marco ibérico. TRANS, 2, 95–113.
Pedersen, J. (2011). Subtitling norms for television. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Peña y Lillo, M. (2012). La importancia del acuerdo entre codificadores para el análisis del contenido. Comunicación y Medios, 25, 47–56.
Pessoa do Nascimiento, A. K. (2017). Translating sounds into words in subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing: A corpus based approach. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada, 56(2), 561–587.
Poyatos F. (1994, I, II.). La comunicación no verbal. Madrid: Istmo.
Ranzato, I., & Zanotti, S. (2018). Linguistic and cultural representation in audiovisual Translation. New York, NY: Routledge.
Risku, H. (2014). Translation process research: From mental to socio-cognitive processes. In R. Muñoz Martín (Ed.), Minding translation, Special Issue MonTI, 331–384
Rumsey F., & McCormick, T. (2014). Sonido y grabación. Madrid: Instituto Oficial de Radio y Televisión.
Salway, A. (2007). A corpus-based analysis of AD. In J. Díaz-Cintas, P. Orero, & A. Remael (Eds.), Media for All (pp. 151–174). Amsterdam: Rodopi.
Schafer, R. M. (2003). El paisaje sonoro y la afinación del mundo. Barcelona: Intermedio.
Schwieter, J. W., & Ferreira, A. (2017). (Eds.). Handbook of translation and cognition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Sotelo Dios, P., & Gómez Guinovart, X. (2012). A multimedia parallel corpus of English–Galician film subtitling. In A. Simões, R. Queirós, & D. da Cruz (Eds.). Informatics, 21, 255–266.
Taylor, C. (2004). The language of film: Corpora and statistics in the search for authenticity. Notting Hill (1998) - A case study. Miscelánea, 30, 71–86.
Tiedemann, J. (2007). Building a multilingual parallel subtitle corpus. In P. Dirix, I. Schuurman, V. Vandeghinste, & F. Van Eynde (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17th meeting of computational linguistics in the Netherlands (pp. 147–162). Utrecht: Utrecht University.
Tirkkonen-Condit, S., & Mäkisalo, J. (2007). Cohesion in subtitles: A corpus-based study. Across Languages and Cultures: A Multidisciplinary Journal for Translation and Interpreting Studies, 8(2), 221–230.
Valentini, C. (2006). A multimedia database for the training of audiovisual translators, The Journal of Specialised Translation, 6, 68–84.
Valentini, C. (2008). Forlixt 1: The Forlì Corpus of Screen Translation: Exploring macrostructures. In D. Chiaro, C. Heiss, & C. Bucaria (Eds.), Between text and image: Updating research in screen translation (pp. 37–50). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Zárate, S. (2014). Subtitling for deaf children: Granting accessibility to audiovisual programmes in an educational way (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University College London, UK.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under the CC BY-NC 4.0 Deed that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. The material cannot be used for commercial purposes.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).